Common Types Of Electrical Substations In Vietnam: Electrical substations are indispensable components of the power system, playing vital roles in both transmission and distribution networks. To better understand substations — including their definition, structure, functions, and common types — let’s explore this topic with our below.
1. What is an Electrical Substation?
An electrical substation is a facility where transformers and other electrical distribution equipment are installed to form a complete power transmission and distribution system. These devices help transmit and stabilize electrical energy to residential buildings, industrial zones, and other infrastructures while ensuring optimal electromagnetic induction.
2. Functions of an Electrical Substation
Substations serve critical functions in both power transmission and distribution, including:
2.1. Voltage Transformation:
The primary role of a substation is to convert electrical voltage levels — either stepping up or stepping down the voltage depending on the system’s requirements. Step-up substations increase voltage, while step-down substations reduce it for end-user applications.
2.2. Power Distribution:
Substations distribute electricity from power generation sources (e.g., power plants) to various consumption points such as residential areas, industrial facilities, and commercial buildings.
3. Structure of a Substation
While substation designs vary depending on the type, all substations typically consist of the following main components:
3.1. Transformer
A transformer is a static electromagnetic device that operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It converts alternating current (AC) from one voltage level to another while maintaining the same frequency. It does not generate or consume electricity but simply transfers and adapts electrical energy.
Image of Vietnam Transformer
3.2. Distribution and Control System
This includes control panels, medium-voltage and low-voltage switchboards, which manage and distribute power to the necessary circuits.
Image of Distribution Cabinet
3.3. Isolating Switch (Disconnector)
Used to disconnect parts of the electrical circuit for maintenance or in emergency situations, preventing electrical transmission to certain areas when required.
3.4. Copper Busbar
Busbars act as intermediaries in electrical transmission. Manufactured with strict quality standards, copper busbars ensure stability and safety in power delivery. Their dimensions (usually 4m in length) vary depending on installation needs.
Image of Copper Busbar
3.5. Lightning Protection and Grounding System
Lightning arresters are devices that limit voltage surges caused by direct or indirect lightning strikes, protecting high-voltage systems and connected equipment.
4. Common Types Of Electrical Substations In Vietnam
Today, several types of substations are commonly used across Vietnam, including pole-mounted, platform, pad-mounted, compact kiosk, and single-pole types.
4.1. Pole-Mounted Substation
These are easily recognized as all high-voltage equipment and transformers are mounted on utility poles. Commonly used in residential areas with low power demand, they offer cost-effective solutions by minimizing construction and installation expenses.
4.2. Platform Substation
These substations feature transformers and equipment installed on a support frame between two vertical poles. Typically used in residential zones or factories with moderate power demands, platform substations reduce installation costs while meeting operational needs.
4.3. Ground Substation (Pad-Mounted)
Often found in rural areas, office zones, or small to medium enterprises, ground substations place transformers on a concrete base at ground level. High-voltage components may be pole-mounted, while control cabinets are installed indoors for protection from environmental damage and pests.
4.4. Compact Kiosk Substation
This ground-level substation type integrates transformer and switchgear equipment into a compact enclosure made of aluminum and steel. It typically includes three compartments: medium-voltage, low-voltage, and transformer sections. With capacities from 100kVA to 2500kVA and voltage levels up to 35kV, these substations are ideal for industrial parks, densely populated areas, and high-rise buildings.
Image of Compact Kiosk Substation
4.5. Single-Pole Substation
This outdoor substation features a transformer mounted on a single steel or concrete pole. Components are made from galvanized steel or powder-coated metal and include the transformer bracket, pole body, and pole base. Suitable for crowded residential zones or mid-sized factories, these substations convert high voltage to lower levels for end use.
Image of Single-Pole Substation
